![]() To be able to fill the routing table from peers received from an ordinary tracker the BitTorrent Protocol has been extended. This peerlist enables the client to bootstrap into Khashmir. torrent files "tracked" by Khashmir have instead a 'nodes' key which is a list of nodes in Khashmir. The torrent file that uses a tracker contains an 'announce' key. Buckets have a predefined size which is currently 8. Newly encountered peers are added to the appropiate bucket until the bucket is full. Bucket i contains nodes with distance between 2 i and 2 i+1. The routing table is divided into 160 buckets, with each bucket covering a part of the nodeID space. The distance between two nodes, a and b, equals to a XOR b. Khashmir uses the XOR operand as distance metric. When a peer announces that it is downloading a torrent, its contact information is added to this list. A value is a list of peers downloading/seeding the torrent that corresponds to the key. Infohashes are 160-bit and peers participating in Khashmir have a nodeID in the same 160-bit space. We discuss the Khashmir supplied with BitTorrent. The Khashmir supplied with BitTorrent has been adapted in order to be used as decentralized tracker and therefore differs from the original Khashmir. The standard BitTorrent also implements a DHT, called Khashmir, for swarm discovery. Note that a single DHT can be used for many torrents. When a peer starts downloading a torrent it adds its contact information in DHT and it does a lookup in the DHT to discover other peers in the swarm. torrent files can be used as the key and the list of peers that are downloading the torrents are used as value. Tracker can be replaced by using a distributed hash table (DHT) the infohashes of. The usual approach for swarm discovery is by using a central tracker. Do not forward request for very popular requests, but start replying.Scalable announce mechanism with intermediate peer tracking.Partial tracker for 6 golden peers and open TCP/IP connections.Use tracker and get_peers from PEX for golden peer discovery.No shared Max_Connections variable for swarm downloading and DHT connections.Create No_Max_Connections_Limiter for silent discarding peers.Dual cache lookup strategy for minimizing latency.Measure optimal bias which balances key distance and latency.Policy to bias Clean_Cache_Extension peers in some cases.recognize the Clean_Cache_Extension flag. ![]() Mechanism to implement enhancement flags in least significant bits.Include 8 closest matching peers in outgoing DHT messages.Peer Hit-probability based bucket size in Clean_Cache routing table.Routing table be 600 peers with roughly 10min average peer alive time.fixed maintenance rate of 1 packet per second, then Max.Exponential keep-alive period (1x1 minute,2x2,4x4,8x8,16x16,infinite x32) 5.8 hours increase time.Lazy routing table maintenance algorithm.Quarantine routing table for incoming candidates.IP spoofing and hijack prevention mechanism.Status: operational, but insufficient performance
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